| 稻谷加工过程中4种常用杀虫剂残留的消解规律 |
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投稿时间：2018-04-10
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| 引用本文：湛立伟,沈峰平,沈立,等.稻谷加工过程中4种常用杀虫剂残留的消解规律[J].农药学学报,2018,20(4):477-486. |
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| 基金项目:现代农业产业技术体系建设专项基金（CARS-01-47） |
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| 中文摘要:为控制水稻籽粒中农药的残留量，提高稻米食用的安全性，研究了稻谷中三唑磷、毒死蜱、丁硫克百威和氯虫苯甲酰胺4种杀虫剂从农田到餐桌的残留消解规律，阐明了水稻生长后期4种农药的施药期、用药量、采收间隔期与籽粒中农药残留分布的关系，并结合食用加工过程，分析了稻米入口前农药的残留消解情况，评估了稻米食用的安全性。田间试验参照农药登记残留试验准则进行，采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定4种农药在稻谷不同加工过种中的残留量。结果表明：脱壳和碾米2种稻谷加工过程对4种农药的去除具有促进作用，其加工因子（PF）均小于0.5；稻米食用加工过程中淘洗2次结合高压蒸煮可有效降低4种农药在稻米中的残留量，PF<0.2，可进一步提高农药摄入的安全性。农药种类、施药剂量与采收间隔期和稻米的安全性密切相关。氯虫苯甲酰胺和丁硫克百威主要分布在稻壳和谷糠中，两者占总含量的85%以上，因此即使蜡熟期施药1次，采收间隔期21 d，2种农药也均未检出；而毒死蜱和三唑磷在收获后的籽粒中仍有检出，残留量范围分别为0.032~0.043 mg/kg和0.053~0.073 mg/kg。精米中三唑磷含量分配比随采收间隔期延长先降低后增加，其累积具有显著的滞后性，使得三唑磷残留量高于中国国家标准中规定的最大残留限量（MRL）0.05 mg/kg，应适当延长采收间隔期以降低其最终残留量。即使在乳熟期施药，所有剂量处理收获后的大米经淘洗2次结合高压蒸煮后，4种农药的残留水平均低于MRL值。因此，适当的食用加工方式能够有效降低稻米中农药的残留量，提高稻米食用的安全性。 |
| 中文关键词:稻谷加工 杀虫剂 三唑磷 毒死蜱 丁硫克百威 氯虫苯甲酰胺 残留 消解 加工因子 |
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| Degradation regularity of four field-incurred insecticides in rice during processing |
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| Abstract:It is crucial to develop practical procedures for the control and reduction of pesticide residues in rice grain. In this study, dissipation of insecticides (triazophos, chlorpyrifos, carbosulfan and chlorantraniliprole) in rice grain from farm to dining table were studied to reveal the relationship among spraying stages, application dosage, harvest interval and pesticide residues. In addition, more efficient processing techniques were applied to assess harvest residual before dietary exposure. Field experiments were performed following the guideline on pesticide residue trials. Residues of the four insecticides in the samples processed via different treatments were determined using HPLC-MS/MS. The results showed that hulling and polishing processes can significantly reduce pesticide residues, and PF values of all the tested pesticides were less 0.5. Washing twice followed by high-pressure cooking is able to further reduce the insecticide residues in the polished rice with the PF < 0.2, which can further lower the risk of exposure. The variety of pesticide, application dosage and harvest interval were connected with the security of rice grain. The highest concentrations of carbosulfan and chlorantraniliprole were observed in the hull and bran of rice, which accounted for nearly 85% of total contents in rice grain. Therefore, those two insecticides were not detected even if they were sprayed once in dough stage at a pre-harvest interval of 21 days. However, triazophos and chlorpyrifos were detected in the polished rice, and their concentration were 0.032-0.043 mg/kg and 0.053-0.073 mg/kg, respectively. The residue of triazophos in the polished rice reduced at first then increased along with harvest interval, and the final residue was beyond the national standard of maximum residue limit in food (0.05 mg/kg) for all treatments. This is important to extend harvest interval to reduce residue level. Although higher residues in the polished rice were observed after the application of insecticide at the milky stage, the residue levels dropped to below MRL values after washing twice followed by high-pressure cooking. This study demonstrated that washing twice followed by high-pressure cooking can significantly reduce the pesticide residues, and it is safe for all the consumers. |
| Key words:rice processing insecticide triazophos chlorpyrifos carbosulfan chlorantraniliprole residue dissipation processing factor |
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